After receiving a high-school education he entered the University of Lund in 1906, where he obtained his doctor's degree, in 1911, on the thesis "Magnetische Feldmessung". From 1907 to 1911 he served as Assistant to Professor J. R. Rydberg in the Physics Institute of the University, afterwards he was appointed lecturer and (in 1915) Deputy Professor of Physics. On the death of Rydberg, he was appointed Professor (1920). In 1923 he became Professor of Physics at the University of Uppsala. In 1937 came his appointment as Research Professor of Experimental Physics, at the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. When the Physics Department of the Nobel Institute of the Academy came into being, that same year, Siegbahn was made its first Director.
Academic positions and work at Lund 1906-1923
At the end of his first year as an undergraduate, Siegbahn was appointed as an 'extraordinarie amanuensis' at the Physics Institute at Lund, followed by 'amanuensis' in 1908, 'assistent' in 1910, and 'docent' (senior lecturer) in May 1911. The docent post carried no salary, but he continued his assistant post and also received a 'docent fellowship' from October 1911. Thus, at the end of the autumn term of 1911, he reported to the Dean of the Philosophical Faculty's section of science that, during the last two months of term, he, as docent, had given one lecture per week on optics and, as assistant, had helped in practical classes and given three lectures per week to the propeadeutic course for admittance to the Institute. Early in 1913 Siegbahn enquired about a professorship in theoretical electrotechnology at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and in 1915 about a professorship in electricity at the National Swedish Telecommunications Administration. Although he was himself confident of his qualifications for these chairs, he was not encouraged to apply. Instead he became the natural successor to J. Rydberg (For. Mem. R.S. 1919), Professor of Physics at Lund. Rydberg, famous for his numerical analysis of the regularities in optical spectra, worked more as an individual than as a leader of a school; he was, nevertheless, a leading figure and unifying force in the Physics Society of Lund. In 1913 and 1914 Siegbahn deputized for him during periods of illhealth. This duty became permanent in 1915, and in 1920 he formally suceeded Rydberg, who died in 1919. One of the three experts who recommended the appointment was Svante Arrhenius, F.R.S., Head of the Nobel Institute of Physical Chemistry in Stockholm. He congratulated the University on appointing 'a man so extremely competent and with such a well-earned reputation'. Siegbahn's inaugural lecture was on 'The problem of matter in the light of X-ray research'. Whithin the next few years he had developed the new lines of research which would make the Institute at Lund a leading centre for work in X-ray spectroscopy. Siegbahn's early work in the domain of electricity and magnetism included such subjects as the use of the electric arc as a michrophone, high-frequency generators for measuring purposes, the oscillations of telephone membranes and the use of the telephone as an oscillograph. His inventiveness and ability in the design of instruments were apparent from the very beginning of his career. He found himself well poised to enter the newly opened field of X-ray spectroscopy. Following a proposal by M. Laue, X-ray diffraction by a crystal had been demonstrated by W. Friedrich and P. Knipping in 1912. W.H. Bragg, F.R.S., and his son W.L. Bragg, F.R.S., introduced the concept of selective reflection by crystal planes (the Bragg Law) and in 1913 described the first X-ray spectrometer. At about the same time (before mid-1913), similar work was being done at Rutherford's laboratory in Manchester by H. Moseley, F.R.S., and C.G. Darwin, F.R.S. In subsequent work done in 1913 and in 1914, Moseley made his comprehensive investigations of the X-ray spectra of a series of elements from aluminium to gold, leading to his crucial discovery of the correlation between the characteristic X-ray frequencies and the atomic numbers (Moseley's Law). Also in 1913, M. de Broglie, F.R.S., introduced the turnable crystal method for X-ray analysis. Although the outbreak of World War I practically put a stop to these pioneering research efforts in England and in France, there was no easy way for Lund to gain the advantage. There was only a small laboratory with meagre resources, and it is remarkable that Siegbahn, only shortly after the new research field had been opened, managed to start and accomplish a comprehensive programme, engaging enthusiastic assistants, and in the space of a few years placing the Institute at Lund in the lead of research in X-ray spectroscopy. The key to this advance was precision: Siegbahn, with his skills as an instrument designer, accepted the challenge of achieveing higher resolution and accuracy, and an extension of the available wavelength range. 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 䔀愀爀氀礀 眀漀爀欀 漀渀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀礀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 吀栀攀 瀀漀猀猀椀戀椀氀椀琀礀 漀昀 甀猀椀渀最 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀甀洀 琀漀 椀搀攀渀琀椀昀礀 攀氀攀洀攀渀琀猀 眀愀猀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 椀渀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀✀猀 昀椀爀猀琀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 椀渀 㤀㐀⸀ 䄀 挀爀礀猀琀愀氀 漀昀 猀漀搀椀甀洀 挀栀氀漀爀椀搀攀 眀愀猀 甀猀攀搀 琀漀 搀椀昀昀爀愀挀琀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀 琀甀戀攀 眀椀琀栀 愀 瀀氀愀琀椀渀甀洀ⴀ挀漀愀琀攀搀 愀渀琀椀挀愀琀栀漀搀攀⸀ 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀眀漀 甀渀攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 氀椀渀攀猀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 琀甀爀渀攀搀 漀甀琀 琀漀 戀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 愀渀搀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 漀爀搀攀爀 氀椀渀攀猀 昀爀漀洀 愀 猀椀氀瘀攀爀 氀愀礀攀爀 甀渀搀攀爀渀攀愀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀氀愀琀椀渀甀洀 挀漀愀琀椀渀最⸀ 䠀攀 昀甀爀琀栀攀爀 昀漀甀渀搀 琀栀愀琀Ⰰ 椀渀 愀搀搀椀琀椀漀渀 琀漀 琀栀攀 䄀最 氀椀渀攀 䬀넀 爀攀瀀漀爀琀攀搀 戀礀 䴀漀猀攀氀攀礀 琀栀攀爀攀 眀愀猀 愀 猀攀挀漀渀搀 眀攀愀欀攀爀 氀椀渀攀 䬀눀⸀ 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 猀琀愀琀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 琀栀椀猀 挀漀甀氀搀 戀攀 攀砀瀀攀挀琀攀搀 漀渀 琀栀攀 愀渀愀氀漀最礀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀愀 漀昀 倀搀 愀渀搀 刀栀⸀ 吀栀椀猀 瀀愀瀀攀爀 愀氀猀漀 挀漀渀琀愀椀渀攀搀 愀 搀椀猀挀甀猀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀挀氀甀搀椀渀最 愀渀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 攀洀瀀椀爀椀挀愀氀 攀砀瀀爀攀猀猀椀漀渀猀 昀漀爀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 挀漀攀昀昀椀挀椀攀渀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀昀 愀 氀愀爀最攀 猀攀爀椀攀猀 漀昀 搀漀挀琀漀爀愀氀 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洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 戀礀 栀椀猀 瀀甀瀀椀氀猀 匀⸀ 䔀爀椀欀猀猀漀渀 愀渀搀 䄀⸀ 䰀愀爀猀猀漀渀Ⰰ 眀栀椀挀栀 眀愀猀 㔀㌀㜀⸀㌀㤀㘀 堀ⴀ甀渀椀琀猀⸀ 吀栀攀 挀漀渀琀椀渀甀攀搀 搀攀瘀攀氀漀瀀洀攀渀琀 漀昀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀猀 愀渀搀 琀攀挀栀渀椀焀甀攀猀 爀攀猀甀氀琀攀搀 椀渀 愀 洀愀樀漀爀 挀漀氀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀猀挀漀瀀礀 搀愀琀愀 戀礀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 瀀甀瀀椀氀猀⸀ 䔀砀琀攀渀猀椀瘀攀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 䬀ⴀ 愀渀搀 䰀ⴀ氀椀渀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀搀攀 戀礀 䔀⸀ 䠀樀愀氀洀愀爀Ⰰ 戀礀 䄀⸀ 䰀攀椀搀攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 戀礀 䐀⸀ 䌀漀猀琀攀爀Ⰰ 愀 䐀甀琀挀栀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀椀猀琀 眀栀漀 眀漀爀欀攀搀 愀琀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀✀猀 氀愀戀漀爀愀琀漀爀礀 昀爀漀洀 㤀㈀ 琀漀 㤀㈀㈀⸀ 䴀ⴀ猀攀爀椀攀猀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 眀攀爀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 椀渀 琀栀攀猀攀猀 戀礀 圀⸀ 匀琀攀渀猀琀爀洀 愀渀搀 䔀⸀ 䠀樀愀氀洀愀爀⸀ 吀栀攀爀攀 眀攀爀攀 洀愀渀礀 愀琀琀攀洀瀀琀猀 琀漀 昀椀渀搀 氀椀渀攀猀 戀攀氀漀渀最椀渀最 琀漀 琀栀攀 一ⴀ猀攀爀椀攀猀⸀ 䠀樀愀氀洀愀爀 昀漀甀渀搀 猀漀洀攀 氀椀渀攀猀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 猀攀爀椀攀猀Ⰰ 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 攀愀爀氀椀攀爀 眀漀爀欀 戀礀 嘀⸀ 䐀漀氀攀樀愀攀欀⸀ 吀栀攀 猀愀琀攀氀氀椀琀攀Ⰰ 漀爀 渀漀渀ⴀ搀椀愀最爀愀洀 氀椀渀攀猀 眀攀爀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 漀戀猀攀爀瘀攀搀 戀礀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 愀渀搀 匀琀攀渀猀琀爀洀 椀渀 㤀㘀⸀ 㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 刀攀昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 搀椀猀瀀攀爀猀椀漀渀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀㰀⼀瀀㸀㰀瀀㸀 䤀渀 琀栀攀 栀椀最栀 瀀爀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 漀昀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 愀渀搀 栀椀猀 挀漀氀氀攀愀最甀攀猀Ⰰ 椀琀 眀愀猀 愀氀爀攀愀搀礀 渀攀挀攀猀猀愀爀礀 琀漀 琀愀欀攀 愀挀挀漀甀渀琀 漀昀 搀攀瘀椀愀琀椀漀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 琀栀攀 䈀爀愀最最 䰀愀眀⸀ 䌀⸀䜀⸀ 䐀愀爀眀椀渀 栀愀搀 瀀甀戀氀椀猀栀攀搀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀 昀漀爀洀甀氀愀攀 椀渀 㤀㐀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 匀琀攀渀猀琀爀洀✀猀 琀栀攀猀椀猀 猀栀漀眀攀搀 琀栀愀琀 挀漀爀爀攀挀琀椀漀渀猀 眀攀爀攀 渀攀攀搀攀搀 昀漀爀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀猀 漀昀 氀漀渀最攀爀 眀愀瘀攀氀攀渀最琀栀猀⸀ 匀琀攀渀猀琀爀洀 椀渀琀攀爀瀀爀攀琀攀搀 栀椀猀 爀攀猀甀氀琀猀 愀猀 爀攀昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀Ⰰ 椀渀搀椀挀愀琀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 椀渀搀攀砀 漀昀 爀攀昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 眀愀猀 氀攀猀猀 琀栀愀渀 甀渀椀琀礀⸀ 吀栀攀 渀攀眀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀漀最爀愀瀀栀猀 愀琀 䰀甀渀搀 愀氀氀漀眀攀搀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 琀漀 攀砀琀攀渀搀 琀栀攀猀攀 洀攀愀猀甀爀攀洀攀渀琀猀 琀漀 猀栀漀爀琀攀爀 眀愀瘀攀氀攀渀最琀栀猀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 椀渀 㤀㈀㐀 䠀樀愀氀洀愀爀 愀渀搀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 甀猀攀搀 琀栀攀猀攀 愀挀挀甀爀愀琀攀 椀渀猀琀爀甀洀攀渀琀猀 椀渀 琀栀攀椀爀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀 漀昀 愀渀漀洀愀氀漀甀猀 搀椀猀瀀攀爀猀椀漀渀⸀ 䤀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀椀漀渀猀 漀昀 爀攀昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 愀渀搀 搀椀猀瀀攀爀猀椀漀渀 漀昀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀猀 戀攀挀愀洀攀 愀渀 攀猀猀攀渀琀椀愀氀 瀀愀爀琀 漀昀 琀栀攀 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 瀀爀漀最爀愀洀洀攀 愀琀 唀瀀瀀猀愀氀愀 愀昀琀攀爀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀✀猀 洀漀瘀攀 椀渀 㤀㈀㌀⸀ 吀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 瀀栀攀渀漀洀攀渀漀渀 漀昀 琀漀琀愀氀 爀攀昀氀攀挀琀椀漀渀 愀琀 最爀愀稀椀渀最 椀渀挀椀搀攀渀挀攀Ⰰ 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 䄀⸀䠀⸀ 䌀漀洀瀀琀漀渀Ⰰ 䘀⸀刀⸀匀⸀Ⰰ 椀渀 㤀㈀㈀Ⰰ 眀愀猀 瘀攀爀椀昀椀攀搀 戀礀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 愀渀搀 伀⸀ 䰀甀渀搀焀甀椀猀琀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀氀氀漀眀椀渀最 礀攀愀爀⸀ 刀攀昀爀愀挀琀椀漀渀 椀渀 愀 最氀愀猀猀 瀀爀椀猀洀 眀愀猀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀搀 戀礀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 愀渀搀 䄀⸀ 䰀愀爀猀猀漀渀 椀渀 㤀㈀㐀⸀ 䄀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 漀昀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀猀 椀渀 洀愀琀琀攀爀 椀渀 琀栀攀 昀漀爀洀 漀昀 䬀ⴀ戀愀渀搀 攀搀最攀猀 眀愀猀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 䴀⸀ 搀攀 䈀爀漀最氀椀攀⸀ 䌀漀渀琀爀椀戀甀琀椀漀渀猀 昀爀漀洀 䰀甀渀搀 琀漀 琀栀椀猀 猀甀戀樀攀挀琀 猀琀愀爀琀攀搀 椀渀 㤀㤀 眀椀琀栀 琀栀攀 瀀甀戀氀椀挀愀琀椀漀渀 戀礀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 愀渀搀 䔀⸀ 䨀渀猀猀漀渀 漀昀 栀椀最栀ⴀ爀攀猀漀氀甀琀椀漀渀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀愀Ⰰ 猀栀漀眀椀渀最 琀栀愀琀 琀栀攀 䬀ⴀ猀攀爀椀攀猀 栀愀搀 漀渀攀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 攀搀最攀Ⰰ 愀渀搀 琀栀攀 䰀ⴀ猀攀爀椀攀猀 琀栀爀攀攀 攀搀最攀猀Ⰰ 愀猀 琀栀攀漀爀礀 瀀爀攀搀椀挀琀攀搀⸀ 吀栀攀 攀砀椀猀琀攀渀挀攀 漀昀 昀椀瘀攀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 攀搀最攀猀 昀漀爀 琀栀攀 䴀ⴀ猀攀爀椀攀猀 眀愀猀 愀氀猀漀 瘀攀爀椀昀椀攀搀 愀琀 䰀甀渀搀 昀漀爀 甀爀愀渀椀甀洀 愀渀搀 琀栀漀爀椀甀洀⸀ 䘀椀渀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 攀搀最攀猀 眀愀猀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀攀搀 戀礀 匀琀攀渀猀琀爀洀⸀ 吀栀攀 栀椀最栀ⴀ瀀爀攀挀椀猀椀漀渀 椀渀瘀攀猀琀椀最愀琀椀漀渀猀 愀琀 䰀甀渀搀 漀昀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀愀 愀渀搀 愀戀猀漀爀瀀琀椀漀渀 瀀氀愀礀攀搀 愀 瘀攀爀礀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀琀 爀漀氀攀 愀猀 猀甀瀀瀀漀爀琀 琀漀 䈀漀栀爀✀猀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 琀栀攀漀爀礀Ⰰ 愀猀 愀挀欀渀漀眀氀攀搀最攀搀 戀礀 一⸀ 䈀漀栀爀Ⰰ 䘀⸀刀⸀匀⸀Ⰰ 椀渀 栀椀猀 一漀戀攀氀 氀攀挀琀甀爀攀 椀渀 䐀攀挀攀洀戀攀爀 㤀㈀㈀⸀ 䤀渀 㤀㤀 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 漀爀最愀渀椀稀攀搀 愀 挀漀渀昀攀爀攀渀挀攀 愀琀 䰀甀渀搀 漀渀 愀琀漀洀椀挀 瀀栀礀猀椀挀猀㬀 䈀漀栀爀 愀渀搀 匀漀洀洀攀爀昀攀氀搀 眀攀爀攀 椀渀瘀椀琀攀搀 愀猀 瀀爀椀渀挀椀瀀愀氀 猀瀀攀愀欀攀爀猀⸀ 䌀漀爀爀攀猀瀀漀渀搀攀渀挀攀 眀椀琀栀 匀漀洀洀攀爀昀攀氀搀 戀攀琀眀攀攀渀 㤀㠀 愀渀搀 㤀㈀㈀ 愀最愀椀渀 搀攀洀漀渀猀琀爀愀琀攀猀 琀栀攀 椀洀瀀漀爀琀愀渀挀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 昀椀渀攀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀愀⸀ 吀栀攀 搀漀甀戀氀攀琀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 琀栀攀 猀琀爀漀渀最攀猀琀 氀椀渀攀 椀渀 琀栀攀 䬀ⴀ猀攀爀椀攀猀 眀愀猀 攀砀瀀氀愀椀渀攀搀 琀栀爀漀甀最栀 琀栀攀 栀礀瀀漀琀栀攀猀椀猀 漀昀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀 猀瀀椀渀 戀礀 䜀⸀䔀⸀ 唀栀氀攀渀戀攀挀欀 愀渀搀 匀⸀ 䜀漀甀搀猀洀椀琀 椀渀 㤀㈀㔀⸀ 匀椀攀最戀愀栀渀 眀爀漀琀攀 椀渀 㤀㔀㘀㨀 ✀䐀甀爀椀渀最 琀栀攀 昀椀爀猀琀 搀攀挀愀搀攀 愀昀琀攀爀 䰀愀甀攀✀猀 搀椀猀挀漀瘀攀爀礀Ⰰ 爀攀猀攀愀爀挀栀 椀渀 琀栀椀猀 昀椀攀氀搀 瀀爀愀挀琀椀挀愀氀氀礀 挀漀洀瀀氀攀琀攀氀礀 挀氀攀愀爀攀搀 甀瀀 琀栀攀 最攀渀攀爀愀氀 昀攀愀琀甀爀攀猀 漀昀 琀栀攀 堀ⴀ爀愀礀 猀瀀攀挀琀爀愀 愀渀搀 琀栀攀爀攀戀礀 愀氀猀漀 琀栀攀 攀氀攀挀琀爀漀渀椀挀 猀琀爀甀挀琀甀爀攀 漀昀 愀氀氀 琀栀攀 愀琀漀洀猀⸀✀
Work at Uppsala 1923-1927
The achievements at Lund were all the more remarkable for the primitive conditions under which they were done, and the limited finance available to Siegbahn. The impossibility of purchasing equipment from abroad led in 1917 to the start of an instrument factory at Lund, known as 'Aktiebolaget Vetenskapliga Instrument' (Scientific Instruments Ltd). The articles of association were signed by six people, among whom were Siegbahn and Borelius. Two others, Bruno and Hill, had already been running a small workshop to provide instruments for the University. Siegbahn was the first managing director, and the firm started with a capital of 25 000 Swedish crowns, obtained according to G. Borelius by 'begging'. Although the firm was initially successful, competition after the War led to its closure in 1921. It was therefore an attractive prospect for Siegbahn when in 1922 he was offered the Chair of Physics in Uppsala, which became vacant on the death of G. Granqvist. As in the appointment at Lund, Svante Arrhenius was one of the three supporting experts recommending Siegbahn's appointment: he referred to Siegbahn's achievements in establishing 'an axtraordinary school of Swedish and foreign pupils, the like of which has not existed since the days of Linnaeus'. A new Physics Department building at Uppsala had been completed in 1908. It was bigger, more modern and better equipped than that at Lund. Siegbahn nevertheless took the opportunity for expansion, expecially in the staff. Even so, expansion was modest in modern terms: the teaching staff of two was expanded to three. A precision-instrument maker was added to the one machinist, and Siegbhan obtained a secretary. He also asked for a reduction in the number of lectures he was supposed to give each year, replacing some with seminars and spending more time conducting the students' experimental work. Instrumental improvements in X-ray spectroscopy continued. Geiger counters were introduced in 1924 by Siegbahn's pupil K. Molin. Vacuum spectrographs, which gave an extension to longer wavelenghths, were developed; with R. Thoraeus the measurements were extended to about 25 Å. In these spectrographs a notable invention was the O-ring vacuum seal, which was needed for demountable spectrographs where the detector was a photographic plate within the vacuum chamber. Siegbahn also made notable advances in vacuum pumps: he developed the Gaede molecular pump by substituting a disc-shaped rotor for the cylindrical rotor employed by W. Gaede and by Holweck. During the mid-1920s Siegbahn designed several instruments called tube spectrometers. A non-vacuum model of such a spectrometer, intended for wavelenghts up to about 2.5Å, was described in 1925. In principle it was similar to an instrument built for the same wavelength range at Lund some years earlier. The beam-defining slit was mounted at one end of a tube which at the other end carried the photographic plate holder. A later model, also intended for wavelengths up to about 2.5Å, was designed by Siegbahn with the assistance of A. Larsson (Nordhult) and described by the latter in 1927 and later by Siegbahn. High-vacuum instruments of the tube type were also built. a model described by Siegbahn and Thoraeus in 1926 was a multipurpose spectrometer, 'intended for general X-ray spectroscopic purposes where fairly high precision is needed'. It had a very small internal volume. Somewhat later Siegbahn designed a high-precision high-vacuum instrument according to the same principle but with many new design features. Around 1930 the bent-crystal spectrograph introduced by J.W.M. DuMond and H.A. Kirkpatrick, was applied at Uppsala by A.E. Sandström and by E. 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The Nobel prize
The period 1924-25 was highlighted by some memorable events. In 1924 the first edition of Siegbahn's book, Spektroskopie der Röntgenstrahlen, appeared from Verlag Julius Springer, followed by an English edition in 1925. In December 1924 Siegbahn started, with his wife, his first visit to U.S.A. and Canada. The English edition of his book was delivered to the Clarendon Press at Oxford while he was preparing for the journey, but publication was later than he had hoped." ... "About six months after their return to Uppsala, Siegbahn reached the summit of his fame, when in the autumn of 1925 the Royal Swedish Academy announced that the withheld 1924 Nobel Prize in physics had been awarded to him 'for his discoveries and research in X-ray spectroscopy'.
The move to Stockholm
From the start of his work in 1914 Siegbahn was in the lead for two decades in the field of X-ray spectroscopy. Over the same period nuclear physics had similarly emerged as a rapidly growing branch of physics, starting with the first controlled nuclear transmutation by E. Rutherford, F.R.S., in 1919. Siegbahn was now to become a research organizer in this new field, through the appointment to head of a new institute in Stockholm.
Some 80 years earlier, in 1849, the Swedish Academy of Scineces had decided to establish a physics and a chemistry institute, and early in 1850 the first physicist and the first chemist had been appointed. The latter office was abolished in 1904, but the post of physicist existed until 1922, when the last holder died. In fact, owing to financial problems, the Physics Institute had ceased activity in 1918. A new physics institute was now proposed to the Academy, based on investigations in which Siegbahn played an essential role. In May 1930 he had visited the Swedish banker K.A. Wallenberg (founder of the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation) and discussed with him the foundation of a new physics institute under the auspices of the Academy. Wallenberg offered half of the estimated cost of three million Swedish Crowns, provided that the other half could be found from other sources before the end of the year. Unfortunately this was not achieved, and the definitive proposal was not made until March 1935.
The proposal for a new research institute for physics included a request to the Riksdag (the Swedish Parliament) to establish a personal research professorship in experimental physics for Siegbahn. Buildings for the institute were to be erected on a site already available. Capital was raised through a Nobel Foundation fund that was at the Academy's disposal. For the purchase of instruments and equipment, and for operating expenses, considerable grants were promised by the Wallenberg Foundation.
The Government responded by requesting the Chancellor of the Swedish Universities to investigate an alternative plan, in which Siegbahn would be given improved working conditions at Uppsala. This stirred up a lively debate, but eventually the riksdag approved the Academy's request and in June 1936 Siegbahn was appointed Professor of Experimental Physics at the Academy of Sciences. Buildings were erected at Frescati, close to the Academy buildings, on a site belonging to the Nobel Foundation. Siegbahn started as Director on 1 July 1937, and the buildings were completed in October. Underground premises for a cyclotron were finished in March of the following year.
The 1935 proposal was for an institute organized as a Nobel Institute of experimental physics. However, when the final decision was taken, it was stated that the personal professorship funded from the Government was not to be incorporated with the Academy's Nobel Institute. The intention was, however, that at the expiration of the time for the personal professorship the institute was to become a department of the Nobel Institute. There was already a separate Department of physics, whose Director, the theoretical physicist C.W. Oseen, died in 1944. This department was then placed at the disposal of the Academy's Institute for Physics. Those working at Siegbahn's institute simply regarded the two names as synonymous. From the end of the 1940s, the name 'Nobel Institute of Physics' was used in all scientific papers issuing from the laboratory, although within the Academy it was referred to as the 'Research Institute for Physics'.
On 1 January 1953 Siegbahn become Professor Emeritus but he served as Director of the Research Institute for eleven years and six months more. When his directorship ended the Institute's status was changed, but not in the way indicated by the Academy in 1935. Instead, an arrangement was made with the Government and the Riksdag to transform the Institute, whose operation had become too heavy a burden on the Academy, both financially and otherwise, into a government organization with an unchanged programme. The new organization came into effect on 1 July 1964, on which day Siegbahn retired at the age of 77. With the change of status, the name was changed to 'Forskningsinstitutet för Atomfysik' (with the shortened English translation the 'Research Institute of Physics').
In July 1988 the institute was again renamed, becoming the 'Manne Siegbahn Institute of Physics'.
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